The research is actually adjusted to have many years, intercourse, body-mass index, educational level, alcoholic drinks consumption, and you can geographic part

Services of your Study Professionals

The characteristics of the 102,216 participants are shown in Table 1 , and in Tables S2 and S3 in the Supplementary Appendix. Mean sodium excretion was estimated to be 4.93±1.73 g, and mean potassium excretion was estimated to be 2.12±0.60 g, with higher excretion in men than in women (P<0.001 for sodium and potassium).

Activities regarding Sodium and you can Potassium Excretion

Observed removal from just one accelerated day urine specimen and you can estimated “usual” removal (after adjustment getting regression dilution bias) are given. For observed excretion, this new suggest (±SD) sodium excretion try cuatro.93±step one.73 grams every single day; step 3.3% of professionals got salt excretion out-of lower than 2.30 g every day, and you will 0.6% away from users had salt excretion out-of less than step one.fifty g a-day. To own projected typical excretion hookup sites like craigslist, the mean sodium removal was cuatro.90±step one.17 grams each and every day; 0.2% out of participants had sodium excretion away from lower than 2.31 g a-day, and none had salt removal away from lower than 1.fifty g daily.

Overall, 43.5% of the population had an estimated sodium excretion of more than 5 g per day, 45.9% between 3 and 5 g per day, and 10.6% less than 3 g per day (3.3% had an excretion <2.3 g per day, and 0.6% <1.5 g per day). After adjustment for regression dilution bias, 2.1% of participants had an estimated sodium excretion of less than 3 g per day, and only 0.2% had excretion of less than 2.3 g per day ( Figure 1A ). Overall, 7.9% of participants had an estimated potassium excretion of more than 3 g per day ( Figure 1B ).

Estimated sodium excretion was higher in rural areas than in urban areas (P<0.001), whereas estimated potassium excretion was higher in urban areas (P<0.001) (Tables S2 and S3 in the Supplementary Appendix). Per capita gross national income was inversely associated with estimated sodium excretion and positively associated with estimated potassium excretion (P<0.001 for trends). Mean estimated sodium excretion ranged from 3.78 g per day in Malaysia to 5.59 g per day in China. Mean estimated potassium excretion ranged from 1.70 g per day in South Asia (Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan) to 2.46 g per day in Canada and Europe (Poland and Sweden).

Urinary Salt Excretion and you may Blood pressure levels

Alterations in hypertension receive to own salt excretion away from reduced than just step three g on a daily basis, excretion out-of less than six g each and every day, and removal in excess of 5 grams everyday. Individuals that have extremely reasonable otherwise very high salt removal are included on the profile. When you look at the Asia, 218 individuals with excretion out-of below 2 grams per day was basically as part of the group having removal off dos.00 in order to dos.99 grams a day, and you may 482 individuals with excretion of greater than eleven g for every day was as part of the class having excretion away from grams otherwise more a day. Far away, 235 individuals which have removal from 9.00 in order to nine.99 grams on a daily basis and you can 112 persons that have excretion of ten grams or even more every day was included in the classification which have excretion regarding 8.00 to eight.99 grams a-day. We pubs imply 95% depend on menstruation.

After adjusting for covariates, we found a significant positive association between estimated sodium excretion and systolic blood pressure (P<0.001 for trend) and between estimated sodium excretion and diastolic blood pressure (P<0.001 for trend) ( Figure 2A and 2B ). For each 1-g increment in estimated sodium excretion, there was an increment of 1.46 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure (P<0.001) and an increment of 0.54 mm Hg in diastolic blood pressure (P<0.001). After correcting for regression dilution bias and adjusting for covariates, we observed a steeper slope (a larger increment in blood pressure for a 1-g increment in estimated sodium excretion) for the association between estimated usual sodium excretion and blood pressure, with an increment of 2.11 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure per gram and an increment of 0.78 mm Hg in diastolic blood pressure per gram (P<0.001 for both comparisons).